Visitors take pictures on Tiananmen Square during a foggy day in central Beijing yesterday.

AFP/Beijing

Residents across huge swathes of northern China battled through choking pollution at extreme levels yesterday, as Beijing was plunged into toxic twilight for the fourth time this winter.

Visibility was reduced to around 200 metres in parts of the capital, where mask-wearing pedestrians groped through a murky haze, despite warnings from authorities to stay indoors unless absolutely necessary.

In a Beijing city office visited by this agency, up to 20 workers worried that the pollutants could penetrate indoors took extra precautions, wearing gas-mask style protective headgear at their desks.

State broadcaster China Central Television gave the smog’s second day huge airplay, showing vehicles using full headlights in mid-morning to light their way through the noxious cloud.

More than 100 flights were delayed or cancelled at Zhengzhou Airport in Henan, the television said, adding that the haze would last until tomorrow. At Beijing airport, 61 departing flights were delayed in the morning.

In the eastern province of Shandong, almost 2,000 passengers were stranded at Qingdao’s main airport after it shut with 20 flights cancelled as visibility dropped to 100 metres, according to the official Xinhua news agency.

The smog of recentdays has hit a total area of 1.3mn square kilometres, the Ministry of Environmental Protection said -- about twice the size of France.

It described the cities of Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang and Jinan as “gravely polluted”.

The National Meteorological Centre (NMC) announced late yesterday that is was introducing a three-tier colour-coded weather warning system to alert the public to the severity of smog, according to Xinhua.

Yellow will indicate moderately smoggy weather, with orange for severe conditions and red for extremely severe levels of smog, the report said.

Beijing’s winter of smog has sparked an Internet outcry and anger from state media.

The China Daily reiterated its calls for firm action yesterday, directing them at the capital’s newly-installed mayor Wang Anshun, who formally took over on Monday.

“What do Beijing residents expect of their new mayor?” asked the newspaper in an editorial. “Of all the things that need improving, cleaner air will be at the top of many people’s wish list.”  Wang was quoted by Xinhua as saying: “The current environmental problems are worrisome.”

The Beijing News went as far as to suggest banning or regulating next month’s traditional and hugely popular New Year fireworks in the capital. Pollution readings spiked last year after the city’s skyline lit up with explosions.

Celebrity bloggers—including real estate tycoon Pan Shiyi and reform-minded investor Xue Manzi, who have a combined 24mn followers on China’s microblogging sites—called for legislation against pollution.

The US embassy’s air quality index (AQI) reading for Beijing stood at 457 and “hazardous” at 5pm on yesterday, after having reached 517, or “beyond index”, at 6am.

The index rates a reading over 150 as “unhealthy”, above 300 as “hazardous”, while anything over the upper limit of 500 is regarded as “beyond index”.

Meanwhile, the Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Centre gave the figure as 406, indicating the capital’s air was “severely polluted”.

The NMC said yesterday that rain and snow was expected to fall tonight, which would help to disperse the smog in central and eastern regions, according to Xinhua.

The toxic air follows an extreme bout of pollution earlier this month, when state media said readings for PM 2.5, particles small enough deeply to penetrate the lungs, peaked at 993 micrograms per cubic metre, almost 40 times the World Health Organisation’s recommended safe limit.

China’s pollution problems are blamed on the country’s rapid urbanisation and dramatic economic development.