By  Cesar Chelala/New York


A report from the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer stated recently that there was enough evidence to rank processed meats such as ham and sausages as group 1 carcinogens, because of a causal link with bowel cancer. The IARC report has caused considerable uneasiness in the general public and its conclusions have been violently rejected by the meat industry.
“For an individual, the risk of developing colorectal cancer because of their consumption of processed meats remains small, but this risk increases with the amount of meat consumed,” said Dr Kurt Straif, head of the IARC monographs programme. Processed meats are meats that have been transformed through salting, curing, fermentation, smoking and other processes to enhance flavour or improve preservation.
The IARC report evaluated data from over 800 different studies of cancer risks in humans, over 700 of which involved red meat and over 400 of which involved processed meat. A team of 22 international experts reviewed the evidence. The report places processed meats in Group 1: Carcinogenic to Humans, the same category as cigarettes. However, red meat is assigned to Group 2A: Probably Carcinogenic to Humans.
Although WHO classifies both processed meats and cigarettes in the highest category as carcinogens, the classification reflects only the strength of the evidence to support this claim, and is not a reflection of the level of risk.
The difference between the risks posed by meat with or without processing is highly significant, since processing adds several substances to the meat products that may be the real cancer causing agents. The report also doesn’t make the difference between the effects of consuming meat with several additives and meat to which much fewer additives are added.
Not all countries process meat in the same way. In some industrialised countries such as the US, several products are added to meat and even more to processed meat, unlike countries such as Argentina or Australia where meat has fewer additives.
Among the substances added to meat are sodium benzoate, sodium propionate and benzoic acid which, in some conditions, have shown to have carcinogenic potential. Nitrites and nitrates are routinely added to meat to inhibit the growth of bacteria and enhance colour. When nitrites combine with some amino acids cancer causing compounds called nitrosamines are produced.
Antibiotics are part of the diet of US livestock to make them grow faster and prevent disease outbreaks. However, antibiotics in animal feed have proven to be a significant factor for the increase in antibiotic resistance among humans. Sulphites have been widely used as preservatives in food to maintain colour and prolong shelf-life. But sulphites can also trigger asthma attacks among people who are sensitive to them.
In a 2010 report, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Office of the Inspector General found high residues of copper, arsenic and other heavy metals and veterinary drugs in beef distributed for public consumption. In addition, traces of pesticides can also be found in some animal feeds.
Although these are just a few of the substances that can be found in regular and processed meat the obvious question is: Are meat and processed meat carcinogenic or the substances added to them are responsible for their carcinogenicity, that is to say their capacity to cause cancer?
These considerations point to the need for the food regulatory agencies to be stricter in their control of food quality and also the need for more exhaustive studies comparing consumption of meat and processed meats which contain or not harmful additives. Until the results are out, popular wisdom is still the best advice: eat everything in moderation.

♦ Dr Cesar Chelala is an international public health consultant.