A boy reads remarks and signatures on a giant climate change balloon at the Place de la Republique in Paris.

AFP
Le Bourget, France
Climate chiefs have urged negotiators from 195 nations to hurry towards an historic pact on global warming as frustration over the grinding pace of UN talks in Paris began to simmer.
As a December 11 deadline loomed, concern mounted over sluggish progress in forging the most ambitious climate deal ever.
“My message is clear: we must accelerate the process because there is still a lot of work to do,” said French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius, presiding over the negotiations. “Options for compromise need to be found as quickly as possible.”
The UN talks aim at slashing greenhouse-gas emissions which trap the Sun’s heat, warming Earth’s surface and oceans and disrupting its delicate climate system.
Taking effect from 2020, the pact would target emissions from fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas – the backbone of the world’s energy supply today – and channel hundreds of billions of dollars in aid to vulnerable countries.
More than 150 world leaders launched the Paris talks on Monday, seeking to build momentum for the tough negotiations ahead with lofty rhetoric about the urgency of the task.
But negotiators said the nitty-gritty discussions for a hugely complex 54-page draft text, riddled with undecided clauses, were advancing too slowly.
“We are not making anywhere near the progress we need to be making at this point,” said Daniel Reifsnyder, one of the two co-chairmen in the talks’ key arena.
Delegates, gathered at a highly-secured conference centre on the northern outskirts of Paris, remain deeply split over the key issues of finance for developing nations and burden-sharing, said a European negotiator who asked not to be named.
“There is a growing frustration,” the European source said, with bureaucrats refusing to budge on the wording of certain sections of a draft text, but “some progress” being made elsewhere.
“It’s quite messy now,” agreed Greenpeace climate campaigner Li Shuo, who has observer status in the talks. “At some point, we definitely need to switch gear.”
Such frustrations are typical of the start of climate negotiations, where vast interests are at stake and a single word in an agreement can have big repercussions, said veteran observers.
“I remain confident that it will be a hard fought two weeks but at the end of the day we are likely to achieve, and I believe we will achieve, an agreement,” Australian Environment Minister Greg Hunt Hunt told reporters.
UN climate chief Christiana Figueres cautioned against despair.
“The text of the agreement will go through ups and downs, there will be many commas inserted and commas removed because that is the nature of this. It is a legally-binding text and needs to be reviewed very, very carefully,” she said.
Touching on the rich-poor issue, British charity Oxfam issued a study saying that the wealthiest 10% of people produce half of Earth’s climate-harming fossil-fuel emissions, while the poorest half contribute a mere 10% (see report, above).
An average person among the richest 1% emits 175 times more carbon than his or her counterpart among the bottom 10%, the charity said.
Developing countries say that the West has polluted for much longer and should shoulder a bigger obligation for cutting back.
They are also calling on rich nations to make good on a 2009 pledge to muster $100bn (€94bn) a year in climate aid by 2020.
“The finance issue is the most difficult here,” said Alden Meyer, of the respected US observer group the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS).  “People are not putting a lot of things on the table.”
At the core of the talks is the goal of limiting warming to a maximum of 2° Celsius (3.6° Fahrenheit) over pre-Industrial Revolution levels.
That objective – along with a more ambitious option of 1.5°C – has been enshrined in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) since 2010.
Since then, scientists have pounded out an ever-louder warning that relentlessly climbing carbon emissions will doom future generations to rising seas and worsening floods, storms and drought – a recipe for hunger, disease and homelessness for many millions.