Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Hindu nationalist party has vowed to disenfranchise millions of Muslim immigrants in a volatile frontier state, waging a polarising election campaign in a bid to form its first government there.
In campaign rallies in Assam, officials of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) have also promised to identify and deport younger illegal migrants, in response to rising discontent among the state’s Hindus.
When Assam elects a state legislature in April, an estimated 10% of its 20mn voters will be Muslims who have migrated since the 1950s from the former East Pakistan, later Bangladesh, and gained Indian citizenship.
“Legal Indian citizens are being branded as Bangladeshis,” student Ismail Hussain said at a rally held by a mainly Muslim party in Assam. “The BJP can’t just do what they want. We have faith in the Indian constitution.”
Modi, 65, swept to power less than two years ago with a promise of jobs and growth, playing down his roots in the powerful Hindu-nationalist umbrella group to which his party is affiliated.
Yet, after a heavy defeat last autumn in Bihar, the BJP has pursued a more confrontational line. It has promoted the idea that the country is a Hindu nation and rounded on “anti-national” opponents.
India is officially secular, but four-fifths of its 1.3bn people profess the Hindu faith. Muslims comprise 14% of the population, with Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists and others making up the rest.
At 34%, Assam has the second highest percentage of Muslims of any Indian state. The BJP’s plan risks reigniting communal tensions that have led to deadly clashes between Hindus and Muslims, although analysts doubt there will be a full-scale drive to expel Muslim immigrants.
“All this is pre-electoral mobilisation,” said Ajai Sahni of the New Delhi-based Institute for Conflict Management, which tracks security issues across South Asia.
“You don’t have a state that has the capacity, the instruments and the institutions to do anything about this.”
If the BJP gains traction in Assam, hardliners in the BJP and the Hindu-nationalist movement that backs it, the Rashtriya Svayamsevak Sangh (RSS), could push a similar brand of politics in West Bengal, a bigger state that also borders Bangladesh and votes in April and May.
Himanta Biswa Sarma, the BJP’s campaign manager in Assam, said if the party is elected it will try to bar Muslims of Bangladeshi origin who entered India between its first census in 1951 and 1971, when Bangladesh won independence, from voting. They can stay but would have to re-apply for citizenship, he said.
The BJP’s campaign does not target millions of Hindus who have also left Bangladesh for Assam, or Muslims of Indian heritage.
Modi’s government has also said it would welcome minorities from Bangladesh and Pakistan, and could offer them citizenship.
The BJP also plans to deport illegal immigrants who arrived subsequently and strengthen a citizen registration programme to track future inflows, said Sarma.
“There are about 2mn immigrants (who came before 1971) and their descendants. Let them grow economically and educationally,” he said. “But their status should be refugee and, on the basis of individual application, if someone becomes an Indian citizen that’s a different issue.”