A long-awaited Indian bankruptcy code may soon win parliamentary approval, but struggling creditors – above all state banks trying to recover $100bn in bad loans – shouldn’t start celebrating just yet. 
The measure marks a vital step towards completing India’s quarter-century-old transition from socialism to a market economy that has so far been unable to adequately address what to do when companies fail. 
For Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s drive to ‘Make in India’, encouraging new investment depends on unburdening creditors of old ones that have failed. The stakes are high: India has the world’s fastest growing big economy, but is not creating enough new jobs. 
Bankers back the new bankruptcy code, which would impose debt deadlines on failed firms and foresees up to five years in jail for debtors who conceal property or defraud creditors. 
“This will speed up the process,” said RK Gupta, an executive director at State-run Bank of Maharashtra. 
Experts caution, however, that under the British-style bankruptcy code it would take years to train up a new class of insolvency professionals and compile proper debt records. A backlog of 70,000 liquidation cases will take time to clear. 
The World Bank estimates that it typically takes four years to wind up an ailing company in India, twice as long as in China. The average recovery is just 25.7 cents on the dollar, among the worst in emerging markets. 
A parliamentary panel has just cleared the bankruptcy bill after a four-month review, recommending amendments to let creditors go after the foreign assets of defaulters who until now have often been able to stay out of reach. 
In a high-profile case, 17 banks are pursuing liquor tycoon Vijay Mallya for $1.4bn owed by his collapsed Kingfisher Airlines. Mallya flew to London in March, leaving the government and bankers red faced, and now says he is in “forced exile”. 
Modi has faced an opposition blockade on key legislation, but there is broad cross-party support for the bankruptcy code. Whether it can pass before this session ends on May 13 will depend on how smoothly parliament runs, opposition sources say. 
The new law would allow any creditor, in the event of a default, to trigger an insolvency resolution process that should typically be completed in 180 days. If 75% of creditors agree on a revival plan, that term can be extended by 90 days. Otherwise, a firm would be automatically liquidated. 
The accumulated backlog of unsettled cases in debt recovery tribunals has risen by 12 times over three years to $57bn through March 2015, the latest Reserve Bank of India data shows. 
Finance ministry officials say cleaning up banks’ bad loans is a top priority for the Modi administration in 2016. 
RBI governor Raghuram Rajan says the new measure would also support the development of India’s corporate bond market. 
Rating agencies say the bankruptcy code can be a “game changer in the medium term” for the banking sector. 
“It improves banks’ bargaining power vis-a-vis large creditors,” said Srikanth Vadlamani, vice president, Financial Institutions Group, Moody’s Investors Service.